Gapz rule

(LAN) means Local area network  and is a group of connected devices that is under the same network .         WLANs are basically LANs that are just wireless hense the term WLAN or Wireless Local Area Network.  (WAN) stands for Wide Area Network and connects all LANs together The internet is and example of a WAN. A peer-to-peer networs (P2P) network all devices can do the same tthing and have the same responseabilities Each different users are basically in charge of their own resources and what data and even other device that is wanted to be communicated with. Because of the type of responsibility each user carries there is no main point of control. The known limit for a P2P network to hold devices is 10 devices at a time. Although P2P networks seem to be a good choice of communication there are some bad points about it; It’s hard to determine who controls the resources on a network. the Security isn’t very good because each device has to use its own means of protection against some resources of data. The more devices added onto the network the harder it is to manage the network. Client/ Server Networks in client server network the client( device) asks for information or services from the server, which then replies giving the device it’s requested information. DHCP (Dynamic host configuration protocol) THis is a software used to give network devices IP adresses, when a DHCP server is set up the devices can be set up so thayt each time the devices are turned on they would get an IP adress automatically. The server keeps a list of IP adresses, and makes sure that each device on the netwok would get their own unique adress, when gotten each adress is kept on the device for  an amount of time, and when the time determined finishes the DHCP uses the same IP adress for any Device that joins the network

Architectural, OSI And TCP/IP data models

AN architectural module is a model that separartes functions into manageable layers, these layers all play an important part in network communication. A TCP/IP model is a four layer model that explains the TCP/IP model suite of protocols, this is also the dominant way of transporting data across networks. An OSI ( open systems Interconnect) is a model of standards that define how devices communicate on a network.

OSI

An OSI model is an industry standard framework  used to divide network communications into seven distinct layers. Each layer is responsible for part of the processing to prepare data for network transmission. The seven Layers of transmission are;application, presentation, session, transport, network, data-link & physical.

• When data is to be sent, such as an e-mail, the transmission starts at the Application layer. The Application layer is responsible for providing network access to applications.
• At the presentation layer data is transformed to provide an interface for the application.
  
• At the session point connections between the local and remote application are created, managed and terminated.
• At the Transport layer,  data is broken down into  manageable segments( Transport layer protocol data units (PDUs) for orderly transport across the network. A PDU describes data as it moves from one layer of the OSI model to another. The Transport layer PDU also contains information such as port numbers, sequence numbers, and acknowledgement numbers, which is used for reliable data transport.
• At the Network layer, each segment from the Transport layer becomes a packet. The packet contains logical addressing.
• At the Data Link layer, each packet from the Network layer becomes a frame. The frame contains physical address and error correction information.
• At the Physical layer, the frame becomes bits. These bits are transmitted one at a time across the network medium.

NIC’s and modems

A network interface card (NIC) is used to connect to the Internet. The NIC may come preinstalled or you may have to purchase one on your own. you may also need to install a modem to connect to the Internet.When installing a new driver,  disable virus protection software so that none of the files would be  incorrectly installed. Some virus scanners detect a driver update as a possible virus attack. Also, only one driver should be installed at a time; otherwise, some updating processes may conflict updating processes may conflict. You are ready to connect to the network, plug a  Ethernet patch  into the network port on the computer. Plug the other end into the network device then  look at the LEDs, or link lights, next to the Ethernet port on the NIC to see if there is any activity. If there is no activity, this may indicate a faulty cable, a faulty hub port, or even a faulty NIC. You may have to replace one or more of these devices to fix the problem. After you have made sure that the computer is connected to the network and the link lights on the NIC indicate a working connection,an IP address would be required. Most networks are set up so that the computer will receive an IP address automatically from a local DHCP server. If the computer does not have an IP address, you will need to enter a unique IP address in the TCP/IP properties of the NIC.Every NIC must be configured with the following information;

• Protocols – The same protocol must be implemented between any two computers that communicate on the same network.
• IP address – This address is configurable and must be unique to each device. The IP address can be manually configured or automatically assigned by DHCP.
• MAC address – Each device has a unique MAC address. The MAC address is assigned by the manufacturer and cannot be changed.

After the computer is connected to the network, you should test connectivity with the ping command. Use the ipconfig command to find out what your IP address is. Ping your own IP address to make sure that your NIC is working properly. After you have determined that your NIC is working, ping your default gateway or another computer on your network. A default gateway allows a host to communicate outside of your network. If you have an Internet connection, ping a popular website, such as www.lateforlunch.co.uk. If you can ping an Internet site or another computer on your network successfully, everything is working properly. If you cannot ping one of these, you will need to begin troubleshooting the connection.

A modem is a device that transfers data between one computer and another using analog signals over a telephone line. The modem converts digital data to analog signals for transmission. The modem at the receiving end reconverts the analog signals back to digital data to be interpreted by the computer.